When I was in ninth grade I was so non expressive. I did not write with a lot of confidence, so my papers lacked a part of my personality. I remember one incident where I had to write an autobiography about myself and briefly mention someone that had an impact on my life. I was horrified by the words “autobiography” because I hated to talk about myself. I am an extremely analytical writer so this task was very hard for me. For once in my life I was finally analyzing myself. Writing about myself showed me that it is okay to talk about sadness and heartache and the pressure that life brings. Sometimes, I guess it is okay to just relax and let people in to know the real me.

Although I overcame the fear of writing with expression, Mrs. McKeller helped me realize that “Hey Danielle, everyone does not have to agree with what you write about.” She would always tell me that because I would get a little offended by people’s reactions to my writings. Fortunately, Mrs. McKeller taught me that it is the writer’s responsibility to persuade the reader into a new point of view. This persuasion has to take place my making a bond between the writer and the audience.

A bond between an audience and writer is an essential element of a well-written paper. The first goal of my writing is to grab a reader’s attention. Readers do not want to be bored. For example, most people enjoy reading something because it appeals to them, but when a topic is introduced in a dull manner, the reader immediately loses interest. However, once that attention is grabbed, the audience tunes in. Whether or not the audience disagrees is irrelevant. The audience should understand the content before making any opinions. My purpose is to let the audience know exactly where I stand on a topic and deliver the topic in the most interesting way that I can.

Appealing to a reader’s own personal attitude toward a subject, however, involves an entirely different approach. Instead of writing in a way that I feel information should be received, I give the reader some alternatives. For instance, “Hot pink is a prettier color than dark blue” is my own opinion, but if I say “ Hot pink appears to stand out more than dark blue” it gives more possibilities for the reader to think about and explore. Possibility is my main objective of writing. I want the reader to want to change something that they disagree with.

Besides writing to appeal to others persuasively, I generally like to write with open-mindedness. My English teacher told me that the world was full of new ideas, people, and places, so I had to step outside of everything that I knew in order to appeal to others. Her words of advice have proven to be true thus far and have definitely affected me today.

Today, I write with more confidence, pride, self-awareness, and dignity. My awareness shows through my organization. I used to jot down ideas but now I actually plan my paper step by step. Starting from the traditional introduction, I write every sentence with the idea of clear content. I want people to understand what I write about. I want a reader to be able to follow my ideas without being misled or confused by tangled sentences.

When developing my ideas, I subcategorize at least three main pints of interest. For instance, I always write a topic sentence and give at least three supporting details. However, my details are sometimes expanded on so much that I have to break them up into individual paragraphs. After the paragraphs are divided I can elaborate more on one central idea.

Besides structural content, I check for mistakes in grammar. Punctuaton, sentence structure, and spelling are key factors of an effective essay. Another factor of my writing style is getting other’s viewpoints and opinions of my essay. After writing an essay I have always let others edit and make revisions. This process of revision and editing lets me know what areas need improvement. In other words, I definitely need a
rough draft. My ideas do not flow very easily; therefore I have to carefully plan them out first.

Thus, writing plays an important role in my life. Over the years I have greatly matured and so has my writing. Therefore, I will continue t grow from my strengths and build on my weaknesses so that I can become a better writer in the future.

My ideas do not flow very easily; therefore I have carefully plan them out first.
Thus, writing plays an important role in my life. Over the years I have greatly matured and so has my writing. Therefore, I will continue to grow from my strengths and build on my weaknesses so that I can become a better writer in the future.

She was the monarch of England from 1558 until her death in 1603. She was queen for a 45-year period. One of Queen Elizabeth’s greatest strengths was that was that she was skilled in communicating with all the types of class of people.

She was good at speaking to statesmen as well as the people of England. She was of a high intellectual level, which was difficult for many people to accept. She used this to her advantage in order to make proper decisions for England. The fact that Elizabeth even became The Queen of England was not expected under normal circumstances.The Elizabethan Era lasted from 1558 to 1603. Queen Elizabeth has been one of the most successful monarchs for England and the whole world. She was in reign of England for 45 years, until her death in 1603. Elizabeth was only 25 years old when she became Queen Elizabeth, the Queen of England. She was known as the “virgin queen” in result of her never marrying.

One characteristic of Queen Elizabeth was that she used her femininity to exploit the men who served her. That made them protective of her. Eventually, she became one of the most powerful leaders the world has ever known. When she assumed power, England was weak and poor. There was no standing army, an inefficient police force, and a weak government. Within a few weeks that she became queen, she changed the government and issued proclamations that would change the bureaucracy for good. The queen never seemed to share any of her secrets, not even to her closest advisors. One big part of Queen Elizabeth’s reign was that she ruled with her people’s love and support. When she made decisions, she did it carefully and justified her actions to her subjects, with speeches and pamphlets. When Elizabeth died, England was at a high of prosperity. This was due to Queen Elizabeth’s superior leadership.

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There were two main parts to Dada, Zurich Dada and New York Dada. Zurich Dada came about as a result of these men whose demonstrations, art exhibitions, poetry readings and noise concerts attacked Western Art and Culture. Jean Arp was one of the most prolific artists to emerge from Zurich Dada. He studied painting in the early years of the twentieth century but found that there was great conflict between his paintings and what he learnt. This uncertainty that he had, led him to spend 3 years in various small towns in Switzerland where he was greatly influenced by the Swiss landscape. This resulted in many abstract works that were all based on nature and living organic shapes. He wanted to express the reality of the object itself in the most concrete terms as possible; hence he used a form of organic abstraction. This led him from painting to collage and then to relief and sculpture in the round.

A typical work is “Collage with Squares Arranged according to the Law of Chance.”
This work is a collage of torn squares of paper arranged in a random order. He produced many works in this vein and it is said that they were a result of his tearing up drawings with which he was not satisfied and, seeing the arrangement the papers made on the floor, he realized he had found the solution to his problem. It was actions such as this that showed Arp’s interest in “the laws of chance.”

Although Zurich dada had finished by the end of World War I, its influences were just beginning to spread, and it was then that New York Dada emerged. It began with the artists Marcel Duchamp and Francis Picabia arriving in New York and sharing similar ideals. Duchamp was disillusioned by the validity of art. He was influenced by Cubism, as is evident in his paintings, but he didn’t like the more formal ordered direction that it was taking. Another distinct influence was that of the futurists. Not on Duchamp alone but on the Dadaists in general. Although Duchamp used a lot of the Futurist principals, such as devices with the feel of machinery, his Dadaist art was an expression of disillusionment, whereas the Futurists’ art was much more optimistic. Duchamp’s works were often satirical especially when he attempted to re-interpret traditional themes however all of his works take on a brilliant construction of abstract forms. His works include, “The Passage from Virgin to Bride,” and “The Bride Stripped Bare of her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass).”

Duchamp was also the initiator of “ready-mades.” These were objects or paintings that were complete on their own, that Duchamp would just add to. A good example of this is “L.H.O.O.Q”. Here, he has taken a copy of the “Mona Lisa” and added a beard and moustache to it, and called it a work of art. Another example of a ready-made is a work entitled “Fountain” which is quite simply a urinal on which he has signed “R. Mutt.” Needless to say this caused a great stir when he tried to exhibit it in 1917.

Duchamp was in some way trapped: He wanted to destroy facets of art altogether, but his Dada works contained elements of his art that he truly hated. However, his primary motive was to show that he rejected the ideas and idols of society. This influenced the “tone” of his paintings in a number of ways. His willingness to use just anything as art, especially the ready-mades brought up the question, “What is Art?” and this is exactly what the Dadaists wanted. However, Dada wasn’t all wild, mad humor aimed at annoying the middle class man. It had a purpose: that of re-examining and exposing the conceptions of order and beauty.

Surrealism however, deals with a different kind of reality, a super-reality that exists in our subconscious. The surrealists believed that the reality of dreams was superior to that of waking reality. They were not influenced as much as the Dadaists were by war but by the theories of Sigmund Freud. Up until then, the subconscious was still undefined and they wanted to expand and explore themes involving the subconscious aspects of life.

One of the characteristics of Surrealism was an element of chance, just as was used by the Dadaists. Accidental blots, textures and signs were incorporated into paintings to add to the effect that they wanted to create; where no attempt would be made to define the works or make them understandable. Surrealism has been defined as “the state of mind where there is no difference between the past and the present, between life and death, high and low, real and unreal.” This is exactly what the Surrealists tried to portray even though all the surrealist styles were very different.

The chief Surrealists were Max Ernst, Miro, Magritte and Dali and although their styles were all very different they all had common aspects such as a vision of totally new subject matter and individuality and isolation as artists. Much like the Dadaists they wanted to explore something new and completely different. They also propagated revolt against society and tradition just as the Dadaists did and their works, and also created great controversy because of the subject matter involved.

Salvador Dali epitomizes the Surrealist artist, not only in his art, but also in his lifestyle. He was greatly influenced be De Chirico, Carra and by the writings of Sigmund Freud, and moved to Paris in 1929 to join the Surrealists.

Dali tried to recreate his dream world and attempted to make it more real than everyday, accepted reality. His paintings were extremely precise, in complete contrast to many of the Dadaist works in the way that they were almost photographic, as can be seen in his “Basket of Bread.” His works are often very contradictory where mechanical objects are soft or organic. Objects often disintegrate, melt and metamorphosis. An example of this is “The Persistence of Memory” where there are several melting clocks and foreign objects. There are many dissolving and transforming images in his works. Images are doubled, juxtaposed and repeated constantly, however, his paintings were painted in a very realistic style with very fine brushwork with a very gentle and delicate use of colour. He stuck with a very realistic technique instead of painting in the ways of the Cubists and Impressionists. The Dadaists, however, were influenced by the Cubists, as can be seen in many of Duchamp’s works. In his works there is traditional use of line that is neither abstract nor decorative which is, however, seen in Dadaist works. His paintings often have eerie, haunting allegories and phobias often that populate his work.

“I do not know when I start to pretend or when I tell the truth.”

“How do you expect the public to understand the meaning of the images that I transcribe, when I myself, who is the one who makes them, don’t understand them any longer when they appear in my pictures?”

“Beauty should be edible or not at all.”

-Salvador Dali

Another Surrealist artist is Max Ernst. Ernst’s paintings often include machine monsters that show the Dadaists preoccupation with mechanization and automatism. His interest in metamorphosis and double identity of objects led him onto Surrealism and he began painting in a new style that still dealt with realism but in a fantastical way, just like Dali. Ernst’s painting also dealt with Nightmares, dreams and the subconscious with fantastic creatures such as elephants, as seen in “The Elephant Celebes.” His works also include many birds and dream landscapes as seen in “Two Children are Threatened by a Nightingale.” He is said to have created the “surrealist vocabulary” and unlike some of the Dadaist works, they are never totally abstract.

Both Dadaism and Surrealism were extremely dynamic and interesting movements. They rebelled against the conformities of society, began to explore completely different subject matter and although were different in many ways, they were the start to a completely new outlook on art and culture of the 20th century.

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It was only by chance that I had the good fortune of reading Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince for my freshman writing seminar. Written in 1513, The Prince is regarded as one of the most controversial yet crucial works in the field of political science- controversial because Machiavelli’s views were in total contrast with the humanist beliefs and teachings of his time; crucial because the book captivated its readers, transforming many to analyze and adopt Machiavelli’s perspective. While the book was written in the sixteenth century, its ideas are very much applicable to the challenges of war that society faces today.

In answering the question, “when is war justified?” I defer to Machiavelli. In his book, he promotes a society where morality is set aside as it obstructs power. He reflects that a leader should not consider whether his acts are moral or immoral while he acts in the favor of the state. While most might choose to disagree, I believe that the only way to justify war is to separate political from moral issues, a lesson learned from The Prince.

Various philosophies of morality only create stickiness in the topic of justification of war. It is when you begin to analyze the utilitarianisms and virtue ethics, etc. that the justifications of war become something of a moral sense. If these issues can be held separate from the political issues, what is in the best interest of the state will always triumph.

It was only through reading Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince that I was finally able to realize why the different explanations I had been given on the justifications of the war I was a living part of had not resonated in me. With strong influence from sixteenth century political theory, I believe that morality and politics need to be divided during war for the benefit of the state.

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The old man in the book was not outstanding in his appearance. Like many more Cuban fishermen, as I would imagine, he was thin and wrinkly. The text states this fact clearly in the phrase ,” The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles on his back and neck. Santiago was also covered with “blotches of benevolent skin cancer” likely because of the burning sun in the area. The Cuban fisherman’s eyes were the “same colour as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated”. The old man’s appearance hints about some of the personal qualities he might have, for example a good attitude to life.

Throughout the book though the frequently shown trait of the old man was his great faith and determination. He had not once shown despair appropriate for the situation. When the sharks were attacking, he had not helplessly given the fish away, but fought the attackers with his bare hands. At the beginning of the novel, the man said, “Have faith in the Jankees my son. Think of the great diMaggio”.

Santiago had great respect for everyone and everything he interacted with regardless of whether they were his friends or his prey. He mentions that everyone should treat the sea not as an enemy but as “something that withheld or gave great favours”, he also treated the boy and the fish with respect. The fisherman was presented independent. He did not ask any younger fishermen to come with him, and neither did he go fishing with others at all. What Santiago believes is, “I try not to borrow. First you borrow then you beg” . This individual is faithful, independent, and respectful, but he is old and lonely.

His only companion, a boy named Manolin, is forbidden by his parents to fish with the old man. Santiago has no close friends. His older fellow fishermen feel sorry for his bad luck with fishing, and the younger ones just make fun of him. He is poor as most other fishermen, but wishes to bring a big fish in to feed everyone. There is not much social interaction at all in his life. All of his actions are centered around the sole purpose of keeping himself alive to catch more fish.

The old man from the novel represents the combination of lonelyness and strength of character that the author possibly intended to describe. It was exceptionally summarized and emphasized in Santiago life as it was displayed. Regardless of the fact that he has so many good qualities and such traits as faith and determination, this does not guarantee him a happy old age. In a short novel like “The Old Man and the Sea”, Hemingway illustrated this point and proved it.

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History
This disorder is a relatively new diagnostic. In fact, before the diagnosis, veterans called these symptoms “Shell Shock.” It wasn’t until 1980 that the DSM III made Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) an official psychiatric diagnosis for veterans. Diagnostic Statistic Manual is a book used by the medical profession to diagnose a disorder. In 1994, DSM IV includes people that have been in traumatic events such as combat, sexual and physical assault, being held hostage or imprisonment. After the discovery, psychiatrist’s found out that this disorder affects millions of men and women through out the world. (Davis,2003,1)

Traumatic Events: Symptoms
People with PTSD will have flashbacks that re-experience the event. These flashbacks may be in different types of sensory forms. Usually when a person is experiencing this disorder, they will have a chronic hyper arousal in the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). This can include jumpiness, rapid breathing, accelerated heart beat, and cold sweating. This can lead to loss of appetite, a bad night sleep and even sexual dysfunctions. (Rothschild,1997,6) Doctors often treat these symptoms without acknowledging that the patient might have post-traumatic stress disorder. People who have post-traumatic stress disorder have a great chance of having major depression, alcohol abuse or dependence, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dysthymia and antisocial personality.

Who it affects
The biggest percentage of people who developed post-traumatic stress order (PTSD) has been in combat war zones. In fact, over one million veterans suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder in the war of Vietnam alone. This is very common in war veterans because they have seen traumatic scenes. This disorder can develop three months after the event, or even develop years later after the event. (Insel,2001,5)

Psychological Problems
Studies have shown that veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder are most likely to commit suicide. An article from Canadian Medical Association Journal talks about the number of suicides committed after a war. (Spooner,20024)It shows, that since the Gulf war, ninety-three British veterans have committed suicide in the last decade. The article says it is hard to find adequate psychiatric care, outside of the military because most psychiatrist’s have a hard time comprehending combat conditions.

Treatments
There are different treatments for this disorder, such as different types of therapy treatments, that psychiatrist’s have found for people with PTSD. These types of therapies include cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy, and group therapy. “Medications can help ease associated symptoms such as depression and anxiety.” (Insel,2001,7) Studies show that exposure therapy is a good way to re-experience the trauma event under a controlled environment. Exposure therapy is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy used to help people who have experienced traumas. The therapy uses careful, repeated and detailed imagining of the trauma in a safe environment.
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The editor has written the column in a pretty serious tone, which demands the readers into having the same views on the subject as the writer does, which shows the tone is used as another method of persuasion. Using this demanding tone readers are more likely to think about the subject and the effects it can have on their children and the community. This is shown by releasing facts on the subject, which tell us about the risks involved. A major thought is ‘researchers have discovered early signs of heart disease by the time they are 10,’ using these facts the article is thought over a lot more by the readers and more action is likely to be taken by the readers.

The column is directly aimed at parents with young children, in an attempt to persuade parents to stop supporting big companies produce manufactured fatty foods which are known as ‘treats’ and are most commonly loved by most children. By directing this article to parents, the supply of these fatty treats to kids is due to decrease if parents are persuaded in a big enough way, to stop feeding children these unhealthy snacks.

The editor has clearly used many techniques throughout the article in an attempt of persuasion, his major goal. Rhetorical question are used, asking “who’s to blame?” for the big problem of childhood obesity. A sub-heading ‘exercising’ is also used to tell the readers exercise is also a must for all children. Loaded language is used, ‘parents who are honest,’ in an attempt to make the parent feel guilty about what they are doing for their children. The editor also used an experts opinion to make the parents feel even more guilty stating “the obesity epidemic is one that parents are in the position of control,” using this second persons opinion it tells the reader the editor is not the only person stating there is a problem in childhood obesity in today’s society.

The use of the popular T.V Teletubies icons also come into the column, saying that it is there fault and another factor that being overweight is fine. The editor uses this as another method into the persuasion to make parents stop their children watching T.V and find better things, like exercise to do with their time.

Throughout the column the editor has certainly expressed his views and what he thinks about child obesity in Tasmania. Persuasion is the major technique the editor has used whilst combining his views with expert opinions. Emotional language has been commonly used throughout the column in order to make the reader feel guilt and are therefore more likely to change their habit on feeding the children fatty ‘treats.’

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Immigration in its controlled state can have positive affects on the economy. They pay taxes and start businesses that boost the GNP. The starter of Hotmail was an immigrant from India with only $200. His company has certainly had a positive affect on the US economy. The most comprehensive immigration study, completed by the National Research Council, found that immigration provides an overall modest net gain for the United States. Roughly $7 billion to $10 billion a year are gained in an $8 trillion economy from immigration. Some local governments feel a financial strain in states with a large number of immigrants, notably California, the report said, because those households are more likely to have school-age children, depend on social services and pay lower taxes than native residents. But overall, the results are positive.
Immigration when not controlled will slaughter the country’s economy. Because many of the immigrants that come into the country come with nothing but the clothes on their backs, billions of dollars would have to be spent on just keeping the immigrant alive. Unchecked immigration would be the end to the average middle class family of today. Working for next to nothing, immigrants would flood the work force, forcing the middle class workers out of work and into poverty. We would see our wonderful nation slip into the realm of the third world country.

Immigration should not be stopped completely. We have many things to thank immigrant for. Immigrants from China built the Transcontinental Railroad, which brought our country together by connecting the East and West. Many have become scientist or engineers and have created numerous ideas and inventions to make our lives better. Allowing some immigration into our country is morally right. Many people flock to America’s shore escaping harsh oppression or persecution from cruel dictators and governments. America has become a safe haven for many of these people who are not given a chance to live in their home countries. For example, the many Vietnamese came that came America in the 1970s were escaping the deadly grasp of the their communist government. Many people also have come or tried to come from Cuba. There, the communist government, led by Fidel Castro, allows no freedom and kills anyone who argues with his policy. We are certainly doing a good thing by opening our borders to desperate foreigners seeking basic human rights.

Immigration is truly a helpful policy to our country. Without it, we would not be the America we are today. But like many other good things, too much is not good. If unchecked, immigration could become a heavy burden on our economy. However, a certain amount of immigrant has been shown to positively effect our country’s economy. Controlled immigration is with out a doubt the way to go.

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She has a case because she is a member of a protected class or category. “Sex or gender” is a protected class (Law offices of David H. Greenberg, para. 5). Also, she has suffered from adverse employment action, which according to the law offices of Greenberg “is anything the employer does which affects the employee’s job and isn’t positive” (para. 7). The employer must now defend himself by stating that there was a reason for the adverse employment action. Saying that they hired the gentleman because he was best qualified for the job. Now the employee must prove that she was not promoted because she is a woman. In the “most recent court cases have said that the employee must come up with some actual proof that there was discrimination in the workplace” (law offices of Greenberg, para. 11). In this case she has to prove that the gentlemen was not the best qualified for the job like the employer is stating. She has to prove that she was not promoted because she is a woman. Her proof is that she has been with the company longer and knows their company policies better than he does. Also, she has her RPA designation, which relates back to the field. He does not have this designation which was required from the beginning for the position. She also needs to look back the hiring and promoting history of the company. If the company has not hired or promoted many women in the past for this position, “she might be able to prove her case with statistics”. According to the Law offices of Greenberg, “if the numbers are good enough, they can be very strong evidence of discrimination” (para. 19).

This was definitely disparate treatment in the workplace. Which is “straightforward discrimination in the workplace…..treating a person differently because of a protected class, like sex or race” (Law Offices of Greenberg, para 21). This is what happened to our young lady from West Virginia as a posed to Disparate Impact, which is “where some type of company policy excluded a certain individual or individuals from the job or from promotions” (Law Offices of Greenberg, para 22). She was not promoted because she did not qualify for the job, but because she was a woman.

The number one thing employees need at the workplace is education. Also, managers with much training on employment law. This will only protect the company from any litigation, along with a bad reputation. Also, to keep everything you do or say consistent. The employer might not be held against discrimination if he treated everyone the same.

Discrimination in the workplace is a big deal and the courtrooms are not taking it lightly. Many states have even passed their own laws against gender discrimination. For example, Illinois passed a “New Equal Pay Act and Expands Statutory Coverage” (Mersch para. 1). This prohibits an employer to pay one sex less than the other (Mersch, para. 1). Laws like this by the state and Federal Government are necessary to insure equal employment opportunities.

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World War II spanned a six year period between September 1, 1939 (the date of Germany’s invasion of Poland) and September 2, 1945 (the date of the Japanese surrender) (“Pearl Harbor Raid, 7 December 1941—Overview and Special Image Selection.” 2). After the invasion of Poland, Germany quickly struck again crushing Denmark, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, and France. In June 1940 Great Britain stood alone against Germany and then that same month Italy joined Germany’s side in the war. It was realized even at the time of the U.S. decision to enter the war that it would be a war which would probably result in more long-term and far-reaching political and cultural consequences than any other war in history. This was realized by Japan and the United States as it was in the other major players of the war.

The United States, at first neutral to the events which rapidly unfolded during World War II, entered the battle December 8, 1941on that same day1,000,000 enlisted in the armed forces. Japan, angered by United States resistance to their expansion into the South Pacific (the Philippines and the Virgin Islands), had attacked the United States Pacific fleet (docked at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii) the previous day (December 7, 1941).

Interestingly, the Japanese had decided to enter the war only six days previous to the actual bombing on December 1, 1941 at an Imperial conference. They did so because of the Hull note issued the previous week (November 26, 1941) which required them to liquidate all the possessions they had captured during the previous decade from China.

Indeed the United States had been remotely involved in many aspects of the war up until this point. There was, however, considerable friction between President Franklin D. Roosevelt and other U.S. leaders regarding the exact role the United States should take before the attack (“Remembering Pearl Harbor” 3). Both Japan and Germany had been expanding their territories at a very fast rate and Roosevelt and other key players in U.S. government wanted to halt that expansion (“Remembering Pearl Harbor” 3). Some contend, in fact, that Roosevelt: “began to maneuver the U.S. into the war, even as he assured his countrymen he was taking every step to keep America out” (“Buchanan as Historian” 2). In reality, even Roosevelt had shown reluctance to enter into the actual warfare which was engulfing Europe. Instead the U.S. resorted to embargoes and various other forms of economic restraints which were designed to bring Japan back under control (“Remembering Pearl Harbor” 3). Recognizing even prior to the release of the Hull note that war was more of a probability than a possibility, the U.S.

Navy had begun to build up their Pacific fleets, fleets which were stationed to a large degree in Pearl Harbor (“Remembering Pearl Harbor” 4). General Douglas MacArthur is quoted in fact as having proclaimed just two days before the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor that: “Nothing would please me better than if they would give me three months and then attack here” (“Remembering Pearl Harbor” 3).

Statements such as this, and the building up of the Pacific fleet in itself are testament to the fact that the U.S. was not only ultimately planning for war but was engaging in a deliberate effort to eventually entice Japan into attacking.

The U.S. and Japan were not alone in engaging in activities which they knew would entice the other to enter the war. There were a number of events leading up to the bombing at Pearl Harbor, in fact, which could either be classified as a series of mistakes on the part of the Japanese or as a deliberate attempt by that country to entice the U.S. to war.

The original intent by the Japanese was to deliver an ultimatum of war prior to actual attack of the United States. Japan’s foreign minister and the navy supreme command, however, were unable to agree exactly when an ultimatum of war should be delivered to the United States (Borg and Okomoto 1). This would lead to one final act of negligence which, along with the bombing itself, could not help but translate into U.S. involvement in World War II.

On December 7, 1941 at 1:00 P.M. Washington time. It decided by the Japanese as the time at which the ultimatum of war would be delivered to the United States (“America at War American Military History: Revolutionary War to World War II.” 1). This timing was to allow fifty minutes prior to the actual bombing in order to give the United States time to agree to a compromise on the Hull requirements and meeting international requirements regarding a declaration of war. What actually transpired in the hours leading up to the bombing was a series of bumbles on the part of the Japanese (Borg and Okomoto 1). They were bumbles, however, which would directly translate into all-out war.

On the morning of December 7, 1941 everything was going normal as the Japanese bombers and torpedo planes approached the U.S. Pacific Fleet headquarters at Pearl Harbor to find them virtually defenseless. Sundays on the base were spent at a more relaxed pace than usual. Crews rose late and officers often stayed ashore. On this day almost all of the ships’ guns were unmanned, and much of the ammunition was locked up. Two of the three Pacific fleet’s aircraft carriers were at sea. The third was back in the United States being refitted.

At 7:55 a.m.(12:55 a.m. in Washing ton D.C.), the bombers and torpedo attack planes broke into the mornings calmness. The first wave of Japanese planes arrived to find the base virtually defenseless. By the end of the second wave of planes two hours later, 21 American ships had been sunk or damaged. Almost the entire U.S. Pacific Fleet had been decimated at the cost of only 29 Japanese planes.

Five of the eight battle ships stationed in the harbor that day were sunk, eleven smaller ships (cruisers and destroyers) were also badly damaged. There were 2,335 servicemen and 68 civilians killed, and 1,178 people were wounded. The U.S.S. Arizona had the most casualties with 1,177 servicemen killed when a 1,760-pound bomb struck it causing the ammunition on board to explode (“Remembering Pearl Harbor” 5).
The United States Navy had been dealt a stunning blow by the Japanese, but it was not the over whelming victory that the Japanese had thought that it was (Lippman 2). One main reason was the failure to knock the American aircraft carriers out of action. The Japanese commander of the attack on Pearl Harbor only launched two waves of attacks on the American ships, he thought that the attack was an extreme victory by Japan. The commander could have launched a third wave but decided not to, but by not launching the third wave he left many of Pearl Harbors dockyards and oil storage tanks intact. If these would have been destroyed the naval base would have become useless. Another reason the attack was not that successful was that all of the battleships were attacked in shallow water. All but two of them were raised, repaired and put back into service. If these ships had been forewarned, they would have been sent to battle and attacked in deep water not only losing the ship but the crew also (“Pearl Harbor Raid, 7 December 1941—Overview and Special Image Selection.” 1).

The two Japanese delegates who had been assigned the task of delivering the ultimatum to Secretary Hull’s office did not arrive until 2:20pm, over an hour after the Pearl Harbor attack had begun (Borg and Okomoto 1). This was only one of a series of bumbles which would precede the attack on Pearl Harbor. It like, most of the others revolved around poor communication both within the Japanese government and between the Japanese and the United States. Each added to the decision making process as to whether or not the U.S. should enter the war.

After the bombing of Pearl Harbor occurred, of course, the Japanese failure to comply with international protocol regarding the declaration of war prior to a bombing was almost the main cause in terms of how it impacted the U.S. decision making process to enter the war. While the decision making process up until the time of the bombing could be said to have been rational, this rationality was thrown into a swirl of confusion, anger, and hatred once the bombing occurred. The American public was shocked that the sanctity of our national borders had been violated. Our military leaders, congress, and the president alike were stunned that the Japanese could have been so deceitful. The decision to enter World War II could have been made, therefore, the time that first Japanese plane entered our airspace with the intention of dropping bombs on our shores without declaring war on the United States.

The United States retaliated to the bombing of Pearl Harbor by swiftly entering the war and declaring war on Japan the next day. We watched the destruction and horror of Pearl Harbor, this came after two years of watching Hitler crush countries in Europe. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States making it a global conflict. The American people were not going to fall victim to Hitler and the other axis powers doing the same thing in Europe. Hitler’s German enemies were willing to listen to American advice as to a suitable post-Hitler German government (Grigg 8). We retaliated partially in defense of our own sense of sanity and power. No civilized nation gets attacked by surprise and does not retaliate, especially one that is a world leader.

To many of our decision makers, in fact, the decision surrounding our entry into World War II, could be said to have been based on the cultural differences which existed between the United States and Japan, differences which were only escalated by the strong sense of nationalism projected by both countries (“Attack at Pearl Harbor, 1941.” 1). While this may have been the case in the hours following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the decision making process up until Pearl Harbor had not been characterized by emotion but by strategic calculation. In the initial hours following the bombing, however, numerous cultural and ideological factors entered into the decision making process. It was only at this point that the United States’ decision to enter the world degraded from one of rational restraint to one of ideological reaction. It is important to emphasize that even at this point, however, the careful framework which had been laid by our decision makers was still in place.

While the decision of the moment may have been considered irrational by some historians, this temporary irrationality was completely tempered by the thought process which had occurred prior to that one inflammatory moment of the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the American people would not stand being attacked. And they definitely would not stand without any retaliation on Japan.

American ideology was of course the product of our history at this critical time just as it is today. At the time of the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor the United States’ rise to world leader status had taken almost two hundred years. This rise had encompassed the period of strong colonialism which was evident as early as the 1770s as well as in the turbulent times of the early 1900s. Through it all, however, the United States had not only survived but had also learned many lessons. One of the greatest lessons was the manner in which our power could be wielded to accomplish even the most self-centered of our goals. World War II, however, was not self centered. While there were certain U.S. interests at stake, the U.S. approach to the war was initially one of restraint. While we were involved in some critical issues of the war, we were not involved in the warfare itself until after the attack at Pearl Harbor. That aspect of the decision making process to enter the war was, therefore, most certainly rational. This rationality would quickly fall apart, however with the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. This attack cut at the very heart of United States history and ideology.

By bombing Pearl Harbor the Japanese invoked not only the military might of the United States but also her political and economic power. The most important strength that the U.S. had was the infuriated American people. This was a horrific attack on America and united everyone just as the World Trade Center attacks have done. Americans then and still today will not tolerate the killing of innocent people, especially with no forewarning. The attack on Pearl Harbor would ensure the hostilities of the United States with Japan for at least next six decades. The U.S. would not have let Japan enter the war without the U.S. itself entering because that would have meant that the axis powers would have complete control of Europe and Asia. With the strength Germany’s and Italy’s ground forces and Japans navy, it would not have been long before the axis powers took complete control of the world. The U.S. would have entered World War II even without the attack on Pearl Harbor, but American casualties would have a much higher number and the war would have lasted much longer. And without the attack, American military forces would not have had the extra motivation for fighting gained from the attack on Pearl Harbor.

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